The Differences Between Fighting Communism Between American Presidents

The Differences Between Fighting Communism Between American Presidents The differences between fighting Communism for American Presidents Many years passed between the presidential terms of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan yet the fight against Communism endured. Each president had his unique way of defining the importance of fighting Communism, Nixon attempted to contain the spread of Communism while Reagan tried to transcend it. Nixon succeeded when using intelligent and friendly diplomacy in China and the Soviet Union, yet failed in Southeast Asia with his Vietnamization program. Reagan found little success in the application of his foreign policy, which was mainly based on the raising of defense spending. Nixon and Reagan had different foreign policies and very different methods of carrying out what they promised, therefore it cannot be said that they had similar ways of fighting Communism. The attitudes of fighting Communism contributed to the differences in defining the importance and urgency with which each president acted. Nixon had a more passive attitude of containment, as shown through his policy of Vietnamization in 1970, under which he stated that American troop strength would be reduced systematically in Vietnam while the South Vietnamese received more military equipment so that they could fight their own war (LPW, 465). This attempt at slowly backing out of the war indicated the direction that Nixon was heading in the fight against Communism, he took his attention off of Vietnam and moved it to China and the Soviet Union. Whereas Nixon took the passive route, Reagan used powerful anti-Communist rhetoric to set the tone for his approach towards fighting Communists. Of his projected changes none was more important to Reagan than building up tremendous military strength and then demonstrating that the Vietnam syndrome, American reluctance to use military force b ecause of the Vietnam debacle, no longer existed (LPW, 524). With this message, President Reagan put America on the offensive for fighting against Communism, which differed from Nixon, who took the less violent approach to solving the problem. Nixon had failed to ameliorate the problem in Vietnam through Vietnamization because he decided to invade Cambodia on April 30, 1970 therefore extending the war to peripheral countries rather than shrinking U.S. involvement as was originally planned. The Cambodia Incursion sparked much anti-war action at home and the infamous Kent State University incident ensued, where four students were killed. The result of the Cambodia Incursion consisted of the Communist North Vietnamese moving into the area occupied by the Americans, thus moving closer to the South Vietnamese army and indicating the failure of the attempted containment. It took Nixon one more lesson to change his foreign policy, this time the South Vietnamese invaded Communist bases in Laos in February 1971 and fought without the help of American troops. It resulted in failure by the South Vietnamese and by the middle of the year, the Communists controlled more of Laos than before (LPW, 466). The change that followed in foreign policy for Nixon resulted in a string of international successes at containing Communism, by realizing that there were five economic superpowers in the world: U.S., Japan, China, Russia, EEC. His first move was to befriend China and consequently use this friendship to contain Communist Russia. Nixon was the first American President to visit China and the people at home overwhelmingly applauded this effort. He succeeded in containing Communism by getting Russia and China out of the way due to the American shipment of desperately needed wheat to both countries, consequently pitting the two largest Communist powers against each other for American favors. Therefore when Nixon responded to a North Vietnam offensive in April 1972 with the heaviest bombing of the war on Hanoi and the mining of North Vietnamese harbors, there were no objections from the Communist Chinese or Soviets. This resulted in the first military success in Southeast Asia for Nixon an d swayed public opinion about the president just in time for his reelection. Nixon was also helped by SALT I(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) where he became the first American President to visit Russia and sign an important pact limiting the number of defensive missiles each could possess and putting a five year freeze on testing and the deployment of intercontinental missiles (LPW, 468). This direction of

buy custom Student’s Communication essay

buy custom Student’s Communication essay From the onset, the researchers are clear on the premise of their research. The basis of this study was that the online community is widely held as the most important prerequisite for successful course. The setting of the research is equally clear. The research was carried out in the University of Pretoria in South Africa. The participants of the research were post graduate students in web based learning. The research followed the standardized scientific criteria. It had an abstract, background, literature review, the methodology, the discussions and the conclusion. The researchers attained credibility by first carrying out an extensive literature review on the topic of study. This enabled them to link their work with what has been done previously. Moreover, the research added new information in this field as it builds on the previous works. They incorporated others work with much impartiality nd objectivity. They extensively analyzed the importance of participation in online discussion by the students. Among the key contributions of the study is the potential of online discussions to improve general learning. They also highlighted on the need for community of learning as well as finding out the challenges facing poor online students. The researches methodology was a mixed extensive one. They used various qualitative methods which allowed them to probe different perception and reactions. The content analysis was conducted using the software like students blog postings, online quiz and examination essays. This gave their study credibility. The mixed methodology approach was used to investigate the link between online activity and discussion posting to learning and course completion. The study also investigated how students collaborative behavior and integration into the commuunity relates to success. The researchers clearly communicated their findings which revealed significant differences between the stratification of student performance. It was also reveled that the students who expect little access can increase their benefit by managing their log-in time effectively. Also realized were significant difference in both the postings and the students grade groups. It was also clear that organizing students into online groups also encouraged them to participate. Conclusion The research clearly showed the link between successful course completion and the students level of contribution to discussions, the ratio of their replies to others posts and their integration into others community. The study therefore achieved its main objective establishing the facts on online participation by students and communicating such findings with simplicity. Buy custom Student’s Communication essay

ESL Curriculum Planning for Teaching English

ESL Curriculum Planning for Teaching English This curriculum plan for non-trained teachers of ESL/EFL focuses on building a program for your class or private students. The first part focuses on the basics of ESL. There are a few important aspects to always keep in mind while developing any curriculum, be it only a few lessons or a full course: Language skills need to be recycled many times before they are actively acquired.All language skills (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) should be involved in the learning process.Understanding grammar rules does not necessarily mean that a student can use that grammar, as students need to actively practice skills they are learning. Language Recycling An acquired language needs to be repeated in a various number of guises before it can be actively used by the student. Studies have shown that new linguistic functions need to be repeated at least six times before most learners can consider the new piece of language theirs. After six repetitions, the newly-acquired language skills are usually still only passively activated. The learner will require more repetitions before he or she will be able to use the skills actively in everyday conversation. Here is an example of language recycling using the present simple: Work on the present simple rules.Read an article about the daily routines of someone.Listen to someone who describes his or her daily tasks.Have a discussion asking him or her to describe what he or she does on a daily basis. Use All Four Skills Employing all four linguistic skills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) when working through a lesson will help you recycle language during the lesson. Learning rules are important, but, in my opinion, practicing the language is even more important. Bringing all these aspects into a lesson will add variety to the lesson and help the learner pragmatically practice the language. Ive met many learners who can knock off a grammar sheet without a mistake and then  when asked, Could you describe your sister? they have problems. This is generally due to the emphasis in many school systems for learning grammar. Putting It All Together So, now you understand the basic tenets of teaching English effectively. You might be asking yourself the question what do I teach? When planning a course, most coursebooks build their curriculum around certain themes that help glue everything together. While this can be rather complicated, I would like to provide a simple example that develops the present simple and past simple. Use this type of outline to build your lesson and remember to provide a number of elements, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking. You will find that your lessons have a  purpose and specific objectives which are clearly definable, like helping you and your learners recognize the progress you are making. Who are you? What do you do? (Daily routines)A present simple example: What do you do? I work at Smiths. I get up at seven, etc.To be present example: Im married. Shes thirty-four.Descriptive adjectives example: I am tall. He is short.Tell me about your past. Where did you go on your last holiday?A past simple example: Where did you go on holiday when you were a child?To be past example: The weather was fantastic.Irregular verbs example: Go - went; Shine - shone Finally, the lesson generally will be divided into three principal sections. Introduction:  Introducing or reviewing grammar or function.Development: Taking that grammar and working on it in reading, listening, and other forms. This section should make up the bulk of your lesson and include a number of different activities, if possible.​Review: Review the principle concepts covered during the lesson. This can be very straightforward and either student or teacher-led, depending on the level of your learners.

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example I have recently completed my graduation in field of business finance from Edmonds community college. My basic aim is to get admission in the master degree program in order to gain an in-depth understanding of all issues and concepts related to businessI think this is a right time for me to pursue a master level degree in business as I have not only completed my graduation but also it will help me get a good job upon completion. My good grades in the business related subjects, such as, economic, finance, accounting, and math, which I studied at the bachelor level, also show my extreme interest in studying business. The University of Washington Bothell is known for its well-experienced faculty not only in the field of business management but also in all other subjects that are being offered by the university. It is due to the highly qualified faculty of this university, that today I feel satisfied while thinking of getting admission in this prestigious university. I want to complete my masters under the guidance of well-experienced faculty of the University of Washington Bothell, as it will help me become a highly qualified business expert with excellent command over economics and finance. I have a desire to make educational and professional progress in the field of business management because of my huge interest in this field. I also want to take part in the industrial development and economic progress of my country. I want to be able to analyze the development of debenture certificates, GDP, and other matters related to economics. I have a belief that a country can progress in every field of life only if its citizens get high quality education from the most prestigious universities of the world. I have collected information from various sources about the universities that offer master degree program in business. Through the research, I have come to know that the University of Washington Bothell is the most suitable university, which can help me fulfill my aim t o get a masters degree in the field of business. I am seeking a career in some field related to business management, and that can only be possible if I get an opportunity to study under the supervision of highly qualified faculty of this university. In graduation, my main courses were economics, accounting, math, and English, whereas, some of the minors included psychology, health, and physics. I got good grades in all of these courses, which is a strong proof of my academic skills. I believe that my relevant educational background and interest in business management make me a suitable candidate for getting admission in the University of Washington Bothell. Another thing, which I would like to mention here, is that I had always been one of the position holders at my school and college. I have the ability to contribute to the educational experience of other students studying at the University of Washington Bothell. I can help my class fellows understand complex issues related to econ omics, accounting, and other business related subjects. Some of my core strengths and abilities include: Excellent interpersonal communication skills Excellent critical thinking skills due to excessive reading Ability to mix up with the people belonging to different backgrounds and cultures, as I have been a foreign student in the United States since 2008 Good understanding of different issues related to business management, and Knowledge of two key languages, which include, English and Chinese I also possess the ability to contribute to the recreational experience of other students studying at the university. I can teach them music as well as some key techniques related to soccer. I was the captain of my club and college soccer teams in China. As a captain, I won many titles for my teams at

Derivative Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Derivative Investment - Essay Example The other option available is to default the payment on the mortgage. It may be noted that both of these options are available with the borrower. In this context this paper presents a report on the features of the mortgage in general and an analytical study of the implicit options contained in them through an illustration. A mortgage bond issue is secured by a lien on the specific assets of an individual or a business corporation - usually fixed assets. The specific property securing the bonds is described in detail in the mortgage which is the legal document, giving the bondholder a lien on the property. As with other secured lending arrangements the market value of the collateral should exceed the amount of the amount lent or the amount of bond issue by a reasonable margin of safety. If the corporation or the individual defaults in any of the provisions of the bond indenture the lender or the trustee on behalf of the bondholders, has the power to foreclose. In a foreclosure the lender or the trustee takes over the property and sells it using the proceeds to pay the amount of debt due to the lender. If the proceeds are less than the amount of bond issue or the loan amount outstanding the bondholders or the creditor become an unsecured creditor for the balance amount. A company may have more than one bond issue secured by the same property. If a bond issue is secured by a second mortgage and the first mortgagee forecloses the first mortgage bond-holders must be paid the full amount owed them before there can be any distribution to the second mortgage bondholders (James C. Van Horne) 3.0 Kinds of Mortgages There are basically two kinds of mortgage loans; fixed rate mortgages and adjustable rate mortgages. 3.1 Fixed Rate Mortgages Fixed rate mortgages represent a very stable and popular type of mortgage. In a fixed rate mortgage the rate of interest is fixed for the life of the loan. The repayments are equal and occur at regular intervals. Normally the repayment is fixed on a monthly basis. The monthly payments constitute the payment of interest on the remaining balance and the repayment of a part of the principal amount. The mortgage term extends normally from 15 to 30 years. The fixed mortgage can be prepaid at any point of time at the discretion of the borrower. The risk on the interest rates and the prepayment risks are taken into the account of the lender. Fixed rate mortgages carry several definite advantages. The chief advantage is that in fixed rate mortgage the interest and the repayment are protected from inflation. Irrespective of the increases in the interest rates caused by any inflation the principal and interest remain same in the fixed rate mortgage. It also helps in the financial planning of t he individuals. The fixed rate mortgages are generally considered as low risk loans as the interest rate is not affected by the changes due to inflation. 3.2 Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARM) According to the Federal Reserve Board the adjustable rate mortgages are loans that possess the interest rate that changes periodically or according to the loan covenants. There may be instances where the ARMs may start with lower monthly payments than fixed rate mortgages but may increase over a period of time depending upon the terms of the mortgage. For the same amount of loan the ARM

A Look At Greek Lyric Poetry And John Cage Essay Example for Free

A Look At Greek Lyric Poetry And John Cage Essay Music goes beyond language barriers; it speaks no language but that of the heart. However, like all art forms it has tenets and principles as to what is good music and what is simply noise. How about when artists claim that their works are music when it seems that these are perceived to be avant garde, not the kind of music that dominates the cultural period and worse, does not come from tradition? This paper seeks to take a look at the music in Hellenistic Greece, in particular a lyric by one of its known muses, Sappho, with her only surviving complete work, Ode to Aphrodite, and compare it with what is considered to be experimental composition from John Cage, his 4’33†. Both pieces were meant to be performed – although how these are performed also raised questions. Ancient Greece is revered to be a center of learning, where arts and culture flourished. It was one of the places where the earliest treatises on the different art forms were written, and they were keen to what constituted good and bad art, giving raise even to debates as to what is the function of art. Plato was known to promote the arts that will inspire people’s thinking, not their emotions, for he considered human emotions a weakness, and also because during that time musical scales developed from the study of the harmony in the universe, the mathematical equations used by the Pythagoreans (Henderson, 1957). It was because of this that he did not approve of the poets’ lyrics, because it deviated from the musical modes they were used to and relied on what sounded good to the ear, making music became accessible to the people (Anderson, 1966). Sappho was one of those poets whose lyric poetry when sung communicated the love and sensuality it contained, as with her work Ode to Aphrodite, deviating from their traditionally highly mathematically composed melodies where people were supposed to be quiet and listen to rigidly, for her lyric love poems were made to be felt and inspire emotion. In this way, Sappho, and her contemporary poets at the time helped create a turn for Greek music. Like Sappho, John Cage contributed to music with his compositions, characterized as avant-garde especially his chance pieces. However, his work that challenged perceptions and definition of music is his notorious 4’33†, a piece where for four minutes and thirty-three seconds the orchestra plays nothing. John Cage wrote this piece when he realized that there will always be sound, and deliberately wrote â€Å"Tacet†, to instruct the musician not to play. What Cage wanted for the audience to hear was the different sounds that occur during the interval the piece is played – all the various sounds that one does not pay attention to because they listen to something else. This is different from silence, unless the figuratively the sound of silence, since Cage’s point was that there is always sound if one listens intently (Cage, 1973). Both Sappho and Cage’s music differed from one another in that Sappho was expressing herself through her poetry, while Cage was making the listener turn to his environment. Although created in different environment and cultures, both musical pieces can be interpreted in a personal way, making it a unique experience. Sappho’s Ode to Aphrodite can mean something else to a modern listener than it used to in ancient Greece, and of course Cage’s 4’33† would always conjure something unique for each individual. What this shows us is that although music is made in a certain era, it can transcend the boundaries of time as long as it resonates with what is human and universal, as an appreciation for the sounds around us and those that speak of love, and that although music is governed by principles of what makes it good, it will always be a matter of personal experience. SOURCES: Anderson, W. (1966). Ethos and Education in Greek Music. Cambridge, HUP. Cage, John. (1973). Silence: Lectures and Writings, Wesleyan Paperback. Henderson, Isobel (1957). Ancient Greek Music in The New Oxford History of Music, vol. 1: Ancient and Oriental Music, Oxford, Oxford University Press. http://homoecumenicus. com/ioannidis_ancient_greek_texts. htm, Accessed on June, 15, 2009. http://www. greylodge. org/occultreview/glor_013/433. htm , Accessed on June 15, 2009.

George Orwells Coming Up for Air Essays -- George Orwell Coming Air E

George Orwell's Coming Up for Air George Orwell’s novel, Coming Up for Air, portrays England at two different times. The story is based around George Bowling in 1939 and his life in the suburbs of London on Ellesmere Road, where all the houses are the same. He is very cynical of the world around him and dreams of his times as a child in Lower Binfield when things were not perfect, but not yet ruined by the Great War. The vision of 1900 England versus England in 1939 creates a sharp contrast in life for George Bowling. In 1939 England is on the verge of another war, and life is impersonal, harsh, and industrial. The reality of 1939 is only accentuated by George’s trip to his childhood home of Lower Binfield, where nothing is the same as he left before the Great War. George Bowling’s first glimpse of Lower Binfield in 1939 leaves him baffled. He does not even recognize his childhood home. The small town of two thousand has turned into a city of twenty five thousand. Upon seeing his old home he exclaims, â€Å"But where was Lower Binfield? Where was the town I used to know? It might have been anywhere. All I knew it was buried somewhere in the middle of that sea of bricks.† The town is fundamentally different then when George left it. The old brewery is gone and the main manufacturing in the city was bombs for the RAF. People in the streets are preparing for impending war with Germany. They are practicing for air raids and bombers are constantly flying overhead. The marketplace where all the shops were during his childhood is now called the â€Å"Old Market†. George could not even find his way around town because of all the new streets. He recognized many of the shops but they all had different names and owners. This differenc e startles George but also shows an important difference between England in 1900 and 1939 England. Towns were becoming cities, the war had industrialized the entire nation very quickly, and a small town like Lower Binfield quickly became a manufacturing center. The city no longer housed the smaller family owned businesses that had once dominated Lower Binfield. These smaller shops had been bought out by national businesses that were expanding across England closing smaller shops in all the towns. Shopkeepers like George’s dad who refused to innovate and carry different merchandise were left to slowly die as stores like Sarazins, â€Å"big retail ... ...o have conversations with strangers. The development of England and the industrialization brought with the war has made life even more impersonal. George’s post war euphoria of getting a great job and becoming very successful was shattered by the reality that England did not have jobs for everyone and England’s familiar face had changed. Coming Up for Air illustrates the changes in England during the twentieth century. George Bowling is George Orwell’s tragic character trying to hold on to England’s fading past. What he ultimately realizes is that England has changed forever. The Great War has demolished the old simple way of life that Lower Binfield held for George when he was a child. The new England is one with cars, suburbs, trash dumps, assembly lines, and war. The quiet serenity George found when he was fishing is not available to him in 1939. He is stuck with his job, his false teeth, his nickname â€Å"fatty†, family, his house on Ellesmere Road, the impending war with Germany, and the post-war period. The reality that George lives in is the harsh, impersonal England of 1939. Bibliography Orwell, George. Coming Up for Air. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1950.

Cocept Analysis: Adaptation

The Concept of Adaptation Using Sis. Callista Roy's Model of Adaptation A Concept Analysis St. Augustine's College Exploring the Concept of Adaptation Adaptation has long been described as one of the mean tools of human and animal survival. A chameleon changes its color to hide from a predator, a child becomes withdrawn to deal with the death of a loved one or a soldier learns how to walk with a prosthetic limb after the traumatic amputation of a leg due to injury.All of these situations describe a form of adaptation on behalf of the individual in order to deal with a stressful situation. According to Sister Callista Roy (2009)† adaptation is the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration† (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of adaptation in the hope to bring clarification to the use of the term in nursing resea rch and practice. This will be done in the form of a concept analysis.A concept analysis is the rigorous process of bringing clarity to the definition of the concepts used in science (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The concept analysis process of Walker and Avant (2005) includes selection of a concept, determining the aims or purpose of the concept, identifying all the possible uses of the concept, determining the defining attributes, identification of model cases: identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented and illegitimate cases, identifying antecedents, consequences and lastly defining the empirical referents (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The concept analysis process is important because most of nursing theory has been based on concepts adopted from other disciplines, so it is necessary to explore these concepts to discover their relevance to the nursing profession (McEwen & Wills, 2011). Aim of the Analysis The aim of this concept analysis of adaptation is to discover what descriptors of this concept make it more relevant to nursing practice and research.As pointed out by Rodgers and Knafl (2000) the value of discussing concepts is to promote the clarification and refinement of an idea that is intended to contribute to the problem solving efforts of a discipline (Holden, 2005). Literature Review of the Theory Adaptation Taylor’s (1983) cognitive adaptation theory states that individuals use positive thought processes as a form of adapting to stressful circumstances. Engaging in mildly positive self-relevant distortions enables an individual to maintain an optimistic outlook, enhance self-esteem and encourage a sense of mastery when facing a threatening event (Henselmans et al. 2009). Taylor proposes that these positive thoughts give an individual a sense of control which will then force the individual to take constructive action when dealing with a stressful situation. Schkade and Schultz (1992) in their occupational adaptation theory proposed that there i s a normal process that individuals go through as they strive for competency on their jobs. There is an interaction with the environment that drives the individual to attain mastery over work related challenges.In this process the individual evaluates their responses to the challenges based on an internal sense of effectiveness or satisfaction. The self-assessment phase is the only means of evaluating the level of adaptation in this theory. Charmaz (1995) proposed that adaptation for most people is a gradual process of evolution where an altered individual changes to accommodate bodily and functional loss (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The changes in the individuals result from a recognition of a loss of their former self -image and the adaptation only comes about after that realization.Yoshida (1993) believes that adaptation through identity reconstruction only comes about after the individual struggles between their identity as a disabled person and their identity as their former self ( Livneh & Parker, 2011). There is a constant internal struggle to which the outcome cannot be predicted. Lewin speaks of a reciprocal, interactive process of adaptation that involves the individual and the environment (Livneh & Parker, 2011). The environment consists of internal and external factors that influence the adaptation process.The internal factors can include type and severity of illness and/or the individual’s concept of self. The external factors include variables such as physical, social and vocational aspects of the external environment. The level of adaptation will depend on the interaction between the individual and these environmental factors. Uses of the Concept Adaptation as defined by Merriam-Webster (2013) is the adjustment to environmental conditions, adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation. Synonyms for adaptation: acclimation, accommodation, acclimatization, adjustment and conformation.Charles Darwin theory of natural sele ction states that organisms adapt to their environment to become better fitted to survive and that they pass these genes on to the next generation ( ). According to Natural Resources Canada (NRC) adaptation includes activities that are taken before impacts are observed (anticipatory) and after impacts have been felt (reactive). Both anticipatory and reactive adaptation can be planned as a result of deliberate policy decisions and reactive adaptation can also occur spontaneously (NRC, 2008). Defining Attributes Two defining attributes of adaptation are interaction and environment.A common theme that emerged during the review of information researched for this topic was that adaptation occurs after interaction between the individual and the environment. The Roy adaptation model (Roy & Andrews, 1999) viewed the individual as a holistic adaptive system who responds to different stimuli in the environment, he/she processes changes in the environment through emotional channels that involv e perception, learning, judgment and emotion (Cunningham, 2002). Model Cases Walker & Avant (2010) state that a model case illustrates or exemplifies the concept and includes demonstrations of all defining ttributes (CCN, 2012). A model case of adaptation could be a previously withdrawn 45 year old female patient with a new colostomy. The patient Mrs. X shied away from learning how to care for her colostomy, refusing even to look at the colostomy during colostomy care. Subsequently Mrs. X now asks appropriate questions, has become more involved even to the point of changing her colostomy appliance. During this process the nurse encourages the patient by asking open ended questions about her feelings, the nurse also assures the patient that when she is ready to talk or learn someone will be available to answer her questions.Mr. L is a 35 year old newly diagnosed diabetic, who is open and receptive to diet and lifestyle changes that has become necessary to control his blood glucose le vels. The adaptation can be seen by the patient taking part in the discussion with his nutritionist, asking appropriate questions and requesting information about resources that will be available to him should he need more support in adjusting to his new lifestyle changes. A contrary case is an example that does not display the attributes of the concept. Ms.B a 25 year old that received a right lower limb amputation due to a car accident refuses to take part in physiotherapy. In fact, she is somewhat hostile to the healthcare team and does not take part in any discussion about her plan of care and her rehabilitation. Attempts by the nurses to build a therapeutic relationship by asking open ended questions and sitting with the patient to offer comfort and support are not acknowledged. Related cases, according to Walker & Avant (2010), include most but not all of the attributes that relate to adaptation (CCN, 2012).Safety in many cases can be related to adaptation. Nurses find that th ey will have to step in and modify a patient’s environment to aid in the adjustment to an ongoing ailment. This may include dimming the lights, providing a quiet atmosphere and limiting visitors for a patient that has a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The nurse understands that it is important for this individual to have a calm quiet environment he/she also knows the importance of administering antihypertensive medication and sedative as needed to achieve an internal environment that is conducive to this person’s health.Providing safety may also come in the form of providing a clutter free environment for all patients. This includes ensuring that the bed is in the lowest position, all electrical cords are secured properly and the patient’s belongings and the call light are within the patient’s reach. These little changes go a long way in helping people adjust to the strange environment of a hospital room and by performing these tasks the nurse is fulfilling h is/her role of promoting adaptation according to Roy’s Adaptation Model. Antecedents and ConsequencesAccording to Walker and Avant (1995), antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the concept (Cheng, Foster & Huang, 2003). An antecedent to adaptation is stress, stress which can affect the body as a result of an accident, infection or an illness. The onset of a physical trauma or the diagnosis of a life threatening illness can set into motion a chain of psychosocial experiences, reaction or responses (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The goal of nursing at this point would be to promote adaptation (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The needs of the patient will be assessed and the plan for an appropriate intervention should be formulated. Control over the situation maybe beyond the scope of nursing practice however, the goal is for the patient to try to achieve integration with the environment, external or internal. Consequences are the events or incidents that happen as a result of the concept. A consequence of adaptation is that a change has taken place, a change in mindset or behavior. A patient that was not able to ambulate without assistance may now be able to walk around their home using crutches or a cane.The newly diagnosed breast cancer patient is no longer fearful because she has developed a positive outlook about her disease. She has started to look for support groups and researching natural intervention to help battle her illness. Taylor (1983) proposed that self -generated control perceptions prevent helplessness and promotes constructive thought and action (Henselmans et al. , 2009). Empirical Referents Walker and Avant (2010) define an empirical referent as a measurement tool or mechanism for the demonstration of the existence of the defining attributes of a concept (CCN, 2012).Cognitive adaptation is measured by the individual’s feelings of control or mastery over the illness as well as the individual’s positive outlook relatin g to their illness. One of the tools used to measure optimism is the Life Oriented Test (LOT). It consists of eight items and yields a total score between 0 and 32. An example of a question is: ‘I always look on the bright side of life’. The participants are asked to rate this statement on a 5 point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Pearlin and Schooler’s Mastery Scale is used to assess feelings of control over events.Seven items are used to assess global beliefs of perceived control rather than events being controlled by fate. Five items are phrased in a positive way and two items in a negative way. An example of a statement is ‘I have little control over the things that happen to me’. A five point scale is used here also 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher points on both scales, indicates a higher level of perceived control or optimism which points to positive adaptation. Conclusion Adaptation is a n innate basic function that all humans and organisms must have to overcome different stressors in life.How one adapts is closely related to our coping strategies. Adaptation can be positive which results in human and environmental integration (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The nurse’s role in this process is to adapt to the patient’s needs by performing a thorough assessment to be able to provide the tools needed for the individual to positively adjust to complications that they are experiencing. References Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2012). NR 501 Theoretical basis for advanced nursing practice. Concept Analysis: Directions with Scoring Rubric.St Louis, MO: Author Chen, S. F. , Foster, R. L. , & Huang, C. Y. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal 2:3 Cunningham, D. A. (2005). Adaptation of Roy’s adaptation model when caring for a group of women coping with menopause. Journal of Community Health Nursing 19(1), 49-60 Henselmans, I. , Sanderman, R. , Helgeson, S. V. , de Vries, J. , Smink, A. , & Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Personal control over the cure of breast cancer: Adaptiveness, underlying beliefs and correlates. Psycho-Oncology 19: 525-534 Holden, L.M. (2005). Complex adaptive systems: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (6) 651-657 Honoch, L. , & Randall, M. P. (2005). Psychological adaptation to disability: Perspectives from chaos and complexity theory. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 17-28 Lorre, G. A. , Schkade, J. K. , & Ishee, J. H. (2004). Content validity of the relative mastery measurement scale: A measure of occupational adaptation. Occupational, Participation and Health 24 (3) McEwen, M. , & Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Merriam-Webster. com. (2013). Adaptation. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/adaptation Stiegelis, H. E. , Hagedoorn, M. , Sanderman, R. , Van der Ze e, K. I. , Buunk, B. P. , & Van den Bergh, A. C. M. (2003). Cognitive adaptation: A comparison of cancer patients and healthy references. British Journal of Health Psychology 8 303-318 What is Adaptation? (2008) Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved from: www. nrcan. gc. ca

Corruption Is a Curse Essay

Corruption is a curse The act of taking some kind of advantage through an immoral way is corruption. It is one of the most serious social problems of Bangladesh. Because, corruption has become the policy of some people in our society. From the highest level of the public administration to the grass-root level, every level of the society has been polluted by corruption. The national development is hindered and the wheel of progress is caught up by corruption. It is a matter of shame for us that Transparency International by means of survey has recently ranked Bangladesh among the ten most corrupt countries of the world for five consecutive years. The spread of corruption is visible in every level of our society. Misappropriation of bank loans by the borrowers, illegal occupation of public property, misappropriation of relief goods such as tin, food, clothes, stealing of electricity, water and gas, income tax fraud, operating fake company and deceive the unemployed, smuggling, black marketing, share market fraud, employment of unqualified persons through bribery, leaking of public examination test papers for money, bribing the judge to influence the judgment, selling and buying of fake educational certificates, bribing the police for not arresting a criminal are some examples of corruption in our society. People are losing their faith 1 in moral values and righteousness. The common people are stricken with corruption in their every day life. Corruption has polluted our politics, economics, education, administration, the department of justice. Extortion of common people with political power has become very common incident. Corruption is the main obstacle to the development of Bangladesh. Corruption has faded the success earned through the toil of the mass people. Development of the country is hindered by immoral acts of political leaders and their indulgence to the corrupt party members. They are plundering the national assets. We all have our contribution to the creation of this prevailing situation which is now making us suffer. Dishonest persons came to power through our support and our vote. We failed to support and vote honest persons in the political process. 2

Vlad Dracul and utilitarianism essays

Vlad Dracul and utilitarianism essays Vlad Dracul killed all of the poor and crippled people in the kingdom of Wallachia. By doing so, he eliminated the problems of poverty and welfare. This essay will discuss whether his action would be viewed as right or wrong by an act-utilitarian and by a rule utilitarian. Vlad Dracul was the prince of Wallachia, which is now a province of Romania. He earned the nickname, Vlad the Impaler for the sadistic punishment he inflicted on his enemies. An example of this is his treatment of the poor and crippled. He believed that these people were beggars and were diminishing the wealth and quality of life of the hard working people. To remedy the situation, he decided to invite all the old, poor, ill, and lame people to a great banquet with food and drink. At the conclusion of the banquet, he boarded up the building and set it ablaze, killing all of the people inside. This quickly put an end to poverty in the land. I am assuming that he really did make the people of Wallachia happier. This was not the only option that Dracul had to eliminate or reduce poverty in the land. To completely evaluate whether an act or rule utilitarian would view his action as right or wrong, I would have evaluate the amount of happiness that each option would generate, and compare that with the amount of happiness that his action produced. I will simplify this process by assuming that if his action generates a lot of happiness then it is probably right (i.e. would generate more happiness than other options), otherwise it is wrong. An act-utilitarian would calculate the total amount of happiness resulting from this particular action (killing the poor and crippled people). They have to identify all of the people who are affected by the action and then combine the amount of happiness generated for each person, to get the total happiness. The poor and crippled people who were killed, probably did not want to die, otherwise they could have killed ...

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies

Analysis of Open and Closed Economies Table of Contents (Jump to) TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.3 CONSUMPTION AMONG OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.4 INVESTMENT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.5 IMPORT AMONG THE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY TASK2 2.0 UTILIZE 2.1 WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.3 FOUR PRODUCTION FACTORS EFFICIENTLY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.4 INTRODUCE NEW TECHNOLOGY AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.5 INVESTMENT IN NEWPLANT AND EQUIPMENT AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 2.6 ENSURE SUFFICIENT DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR PRODUCTS AMONG WEALTH DISTRIBUTION 3.0 CONCULUSION 4.0 REFERENCES TASK1 1.0 DEFINITION OF OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY An open economy is an economy in which there are economic activities between domestic community and outside, e.g. people, including businesses, can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community, an d flow of funds as investment across the border. Trade can be in the form of managerial exchange, technology transfers, all kinds of goods and services. Although, there are certain exceptions that cannot be exchanged, like, railway services of a country cannot be traded with another to avail this service, a country has to produce its own. This contrasts with a closed economy in which international trade and finance cannot take place. The act of selling goods or services to a foreign country is called exporting. The act of buying goods or services from a foreign country is called importing. Together exporting and importing are collectively called international trade. There are a number of advantages for citizens of a country with an open economy. One primary advantage is that the citizen consumers have a much larger variety of goods and services from which to choose. Additionally, consumers have an opportunity to invest their savings outside of the country. In an open economy, a coun try’s spending in any given year need not to equal its output of goods and services. A country can spend more money than it produces by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to foreigners. There is no closed economy in today’s world. An economy in which no activity is conducted with outside economies. A closed economy is self-sufficient, meaning that no imports are brought in and no exports are sent out. The goal is to provide consumers with everything that they need from within the economy’s borders. A closed economy is the opposite of an open economy, in which a country will conduct trade with outside regions. 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY 1.2 COUNTRY WHO PRACTISE OPEN ECONOMY AND CLOSE ECONOMY American countries in adopting open economy and free and other trade practices or the United States an open economy is the opposite of a managed economy. It is one that is characteristically market- oriented, with free market policies rather than government-imposed price controls. In an open economy industries tend to be privately owned rather than owned by the government. In the area of international trade an open economy is one whose policies promote free trade over protectionism .On the other hand, a managed or closed economy is characterized by protective tariffs, state-run or nationalized industries, extensive government regulations and price controls, and similar policies indicative of a government-controlled economy. In a managed economy the government typically intervenes to influence the production of goods and services. In an open economy, market forces are allowed to determine production levels. A completely open economy exists only in theory. For example, no country in the world allows unlimited free access to its markets. Most nations have fiscal and monetary policies that attempt to improve their economies. Many economies that are open in some respects may still h ave government owned, monopolistic industries. A country is considered to have an open economy, however, if its policies allow market forces to determine such matters as production and pricing.

Mental Health Nursing Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mental Health Nursing - Personal Statement Example In 1993, the Burdekin Report also documented on human rights abuses within the institutions so that the Australian government was prompted to implement a five-year program to: (1) facilitate genuine participation for consumers and carers; (2) develop high-quality, community-based mental health care; and (3) outline a broader approach to population-based health promotion and disease prevention. You must understand then that many people in Australia especially those with mental disorders and their families, are getting frustrated, however, I am happy to tell you that many are still very willing to support the programs. I would like to quote the exact words of the Mental Health Care of Australia to make my point more vivid: "Their goodwill, patience and support for the protracted nature of genuine health care reform have been dissipated. They are willing to back another 5 years of government national planning - but only if it is supported by genuine national leadership and commitment (Mental Health Care of Australia). It is important therefore to have nurses and medical practitioners that are committed to the improvement in the mental health care. It is important to have a nurse like you who would take the challenges to work hard for the reforms needed for the mental health care not only for Australia but for your own country. I am most certain Australia's case is not isolated. The very fact that you are thirsting for more knowledge and exposure tells us that you too are confronted with the same problems and issues. Indeed we need to educate the society and battle the stigma associated with mental disorders that makes many fearful of medical treatments. I should also want to share with you the 10-point plan of... This paper approves that the Australian government provided $120 million funding that extended up to this year for the betterment of mental health care. It launched the 4 year program for the Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care Program which aims to support general practitioners in improving the quality of care through health education and training. The Government of Australia for instance has recorded significant progress in its reforms. The following are some of the achievements on the service development as published in the government’s website. Stop the over reliance on inpatient services. This means that there is the need to increase resources such as hostel type of accommodation, lifestyle support accommodation, 24 hour access emergency accommodation. According to the report "Their goodwill, patience and support for the protracted nature of genuine health care reform have been dissipated. They are willing to back another 5 years of government national planning - but on ly if it is supported by genuine national leadership and commitment". This essay makes a conclusion that Mental Health Services with recruitment largely done for the Healthy Young Minds workers. More than 600 people have a received a service under this program to date; Allocated $1.6m over four years for early intervention for young people experiencing mental illness for the first time including the establishment of an outreach service; Increased consultation with consumers and carers; and Implementing a workforce development plan to enhance delivery of services.